BUG #18042: Query planner favor index corresponding to a order by with a limit even when there is a where

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18042
Logged by:          Christian Vallières
Email address:      christian.vallieres@evimbec.ca
PostgreSQL version: 15.3
Operating system:   Windows 10 x86_64
Description:

Query planner favor starting with the event table and use the 102MB
event_date_idx corresponding to a order by with a limit,
instead of the 94MB event_event_type_id_idx corresponding to the where
condition.

My understanding is that the engine would need to read the event_date_idx
index entirely to find rows matching the where condition.
Using event_event_type_id_idx the engine would only need to find rows
matching the where condition, less rows from a smaller index.

Dropping event_date_idx lead to a plan where it start with unit table then
use event_unit_id_idx on event table which is much better!

I've made the following simplified schema, but can't provide data here since
it weight around 1.3G
I've been able to reproduce the problem with random data, but I need to
remove event_unit_id_idx to get a similar plan.
Ask me if you actually need data.

CREATE TABLE public.unit (
    id int4 PRIMARY KEY GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
    city_id int4 NOT NULL
);

CREATE INDEX unit_city_id ON public.unit (city_id);

CREATE TABLE public."event" (
    id int4 PRIMARY KEY GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
    event_type_id int4 NOT NULL,
    unit_id int4 NOT NULL,
    date timestamp NOT NULL
);

CREATE INDEX event_event_type_id_idx ON public."event" (event_type_id);
CREATE INDEX event_unit_id_idx ON public."event" (unit_id);
CREATE INDEX event_date_idx ON public."event" (date);

EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS, VERBOSE, BUFFERS, FORMAT JSON)
SELECT * 
FROM public.unit
INNER JOIN public."event" ON unit.id = "event".unit_id 
WHERE unit.city_id=40005 
AND event_type_id=1
ORDER BY date
LIMIT 25;
--Bad plan
[{"Plan":{"Node Type":"Limit","Parallel Aware":false,"Startup
Cost":1000.88,"Total Cost":7653.98,"Plan Rows":25,"Plan Width":28,"Actual
Startup Time":3282.866,"Actual Total Time":3283.948,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Shared
Hit Blocks":9382915,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Gather
Merge","Parent Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":false,"Startup
Cost":1000.88,"Total Cost":497587.81,"Plan Rows":1866,"Plan
Width":28,"Actual Startup Time":3282.864,"Actual Total
Time":3283.947,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Workers
Planned":2,"Workers Launched":2,"Shared Hit Blocks":9382915,"Shared Read
Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit
Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Nested Loop","Parent
Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":false,"Join Type":"Inner","Startup
Cost":0.86,"Total Cost":496372.4,"Plan Rows":778,"Plan Width":28,"Actual
Startup Time":3273.523,"Actual Total Time":3273.524,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":3,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Inner
Unique":true,"Shared Hit Blocks":9382915,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared
Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup Time":3277.105,"Actual
Total Time":3277.105,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual Loops":1,"Shared Hit
Blocks":3106786,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0},{"Worker Number":1,"Actual
Startup Time":3260.872,"Actual Total Time":3260.874,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1,"Shared Hit Blocks":3126968,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0}],"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Index Scan","Parent
Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":true,"Scan
Direction":"Forward","Index Name":"event_date_idx","Relation
Name":"event","Schema":"public","Alias":"event","Startup Cost":0.43,"Total
Cost":273080.27,"Plan Rows":497488,"Plan Width":20,"Actual Startup
Time":2.311,"Actual Total Time":2445.49,"Actual Rows":378663,"Actual
Loops":3,"Output":["event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Filter":"(event.event_type_id
= 1)","Rows Removed by Filter":4697889,"Shared Hit Blocks":5554775,"Shared
Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local
Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup
Time":0.041,"Actual Total Time":2444.879,"Actual Rows":374983,"Actual
Loops":1,"Shared Hit Blocks":1841396,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0},{"Worker Number":1,"Actual Startup Time":6.862,"Actual Total
Time":2433.461,"Actual Rows":380614,"Actual Loops":1,"Shared Hit
Blocks":1844508,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0}]},{"Node Type":"Index
Scan","Parent Relationship":"Inner","Parallel Aware":false,"Scan
Direction":"Forward","Index Name":"unit_pkey","Relation
Name":"unit","Schema":"public","Alias":"unit","Startup Cost":0.42,"Total
Cost":0.45,"Plan Rows":1,"Plan Width":8,"Actual Startup Time":0.002,"Actual
Total Time":0.002,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1135989,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id"],"Index Cond":"(unit.id =
event.unit_id)","Rows Removed by Index Recheck":0,"Filter":"(unit.city_id =
40005)","Rows Removed by Filter":0,"Shared Hit Blocks":3828140,"Shared Read
Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit
Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup
Time":0.002,"Actual Total Time":0.002,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":374983,"Shared Hit Blocks":1265390,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared
Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0},{"Worker Number":1,"Actual Startup Time":0.002,"Actual Total
Time":0.002,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual Loops":380614,"Shared Hit
Blocks":1282460,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0}]}]}]}]},"Planning":{"Shared
Hit Blocks":12,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0},"Planning
Time":0.244,"Triggers":[],"Execution Time":3283.98}]

DROP INDEX event_date_idx;
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS, VERBOSE, BUFFERS, FORMAT JSON)
SELECT * 
FROM public.unit
INNER JOIN public."event" ON unit.id = "event".unit_id 
WHERE unit.city_id=40005 
AND event_type_id=1
ORDER BY date
LIMIT 25;
--Good plan
[{"Plan":{"Node Type":"Limit","Parallel Aware":false,"Startup
Cost":44726.83,"Total Cost":44729.71,"Plan Rows":25,"Plan Width":28,"Actual
Startup Time":24.786,"Actual Total Time":26.094,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Shared
Hit Blocks":4375,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Gather
Merge","Parent Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":false,"Startup
Cost":44726.83,"Total Cost":44853.1,"Plan Rows":1098,"Plan Width":28,"Actual
Startup Time":24.785,"Actual Total Time":26.092,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":1,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Workers
Planned":1,"Workers Launched":1,"Shared Hit Blocks":4375,"Shared Read
Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit
Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Sort","Parent
Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":false,"Startup Cost":43726.82,"Total
Cost":43729.57,"Plan Rows":1098,"Plan Width":28,"Actual Startup
Time":22.331,"Actual Total Time":22.332,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":2,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Sort
Key":["event.date"],"Sort Method":"quicksort","Sort Space Used":25,"Sort
Space Type":"Memory","Shared Hit Blocks":4375,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared
Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup Time":20.152,"Actual
Total Time":20.153,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual Loops":1,"Sort
Method":"quicksort","Sort Space Used":25,"Sort Space Type":"Memory","Shared
Hit Blocks":2141,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0}],"Plans":[{"Node
Type":"Nested Loop","Parent Relationship":"Outer","Parallel
Aware":false,"Join Type":"Inner","Startup Cost":0.43,"Total
Cost":43695.84,"Plan Rows":1098,"Plan Width":28,"Actual Startup
Time":22.313,"Actual Total Time":22.314,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":2,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id","event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Inner
Unique":false,"Shared Hit Blocks":4366,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared
Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup Time":20.121,"Actual
Total Time":20.121,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual Loops":1,"Shared Hit
Blocks":2132,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared
Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0}],"Plans":[{"Node Type":"Seq
Scan","Parent Relationship":"Outer","Parallel Aware":true,"Relation
Name":"unit","Schema":"public","Alias":"unit","Startup Cost":0,"Total
Cost":16581.3,"Plan Rows":588,"Plan Width":8,"Actual Startup
Time":7.566,"Actual Total Time":21.818,"Actual Rows":256,"Actual
Loops":2,"Output":["unit.id","unit.city_id"],"Filter":"(unit.city_id =
40005)","Rows Removed by Filter":319366,"Shared Hit Blocks":2829,"Shared
Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local
Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup
Time":5.368,"Actual Total Time":19.58,"Actual Rows":286,"Actual
Loops":1,"Shared Hit Blocks":1273,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0}]},{"Node Type":"Index Scan","Parent Relationship":"Inner","Parallel
Aware":false,"Scan Direction":"Forward","Index
Name":"event_unit_id_idx","Relation
Name":"event","Schema":"public","Alias":"event","Startup Cost":0.43,"Total
Cost":46.06,"Plan Rows":5,"Plan Width":20,"Actual Startup
Time":0.002,"Actual Total Time":0.002,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual
Loops":512,"Output":["event.id","event.event_type_id","event.unit_id","event.date"],"Index
Cond":"(event.unit_id = unit.id)","Rows Removed by Index
Recheck":0,"Filter":"(event.event_type_id = 1)","Rows Removed by
Filter":0,"Shared Hit Blocks":1537,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read
Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read
Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0,"Workers":[{"Worker Number":0,"Actual Startup Time":0.002,"Actual
Total Time":0.002,"Actual Rows":0,"Actual Loops":286,"Shared Hit
Blocks":859,"Shared Read Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":0,"Shared Written
Blocks":0,"Local Hit Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied
Blocks":0,"Local Written Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written
Blocks":0,"I/O Read Time":0,"I/O Write
Time":0}]}]}]}]}]},"Planning":{"Shared Hit Blocks":18,"Shared Read
Blocks":0,"Shared Dirtied Blocks":1,"Shared Written Blocks":0,"Local Hit
Blocks":0,"Local Read Blocks":0,"Local Dirtied Blocks":0,"Local Written
Blocks":0,"Temp Read Blocks":0,"Temp Written Blocks":0,"I/O Read
Time":0,"I/O Write Time":0},"Planning Time":0.336,"Triggers":[],"Execution
Time":26.126}]