BUG #18277: Unexpected error: "WindowFunc not found in subplan target lists" triggered by JOIN and Window Func

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18277
Logged by:          Zuming Jiang
Email address:      zuming.jiang@inf.ethz.ch
PostgreSQL version: 16.1
Operating system:   Ubuntu 20.04
Description:

My fuzzer finds a bug in Postgres 17devel, which triggers an unexpected
error "ERROR: WindowFunc not found in subplan target lists".

--- Set up database ---
create table exeet_t184 (vkey int4);
create view exeet_t188 as
select
    ntile(ref_1.vkey) over w0 as c_1
  from
    (exeet_t184 as ref_0
      left outer join exeet_t184 as ref_1
      on (ref_0.vkey = ref_1.vkey))
  where ref_0.vkey <> ref_1.vkey
  window w0 as (partition by ref_0.vkey);

The fuzzer generates a test case:

--- Test case ---
select
  (case when ('false' <> (SELECT nummultirange() && 'empty'::numrange)) then
(case when (1 in (
                select
                  1 as c_0
                from
                  exeet_t188 as ref_12
                where 1 between ref_12.c_1 and 1)) then 1 else 1 end
        ) else 1 end) as c_5;

--- Expected behavior ---
The test case should not trigger any error.

--- Actual behavior ---
The test case trigger an error: 

ERROR:  WindowFunc not found in subplan target lists

--- Postgres version ---
Github commit: d3c5f37dd543498cc7c678815d3921823beec9e9
Version: PostgreSQL 17devel on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu
9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) 9.4.0, 64-bit

--- Platform information ---
Platform: Ubuntu 20.04
Kernel: Linux 5.4.0-147-generic