BUG #18284: Filter in left lateral join not respected

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18284
Logged by:          Holger Reise
Email address:      holger.reise@vitagroup.ag
PostgreSQL version: 16.1
Operating system:   Alpine 13.2.1, 64-bit
Description:

The following script returns two rows with `666`, whereas `null` is to be
expected:

WITH r1 AS (VALUES(null)),
r2 AS (VALUES(null), (null))
SELECT ljl.val_filtered
FROM r1
LEFT JOIN(
    SELECT j666.val FROM r2
    JOIN (SELECT 666 AS val) as j666 ON true
)AS lj_r2 ON true
LEFT JOIN LATERAL(
    SELECT lj_r2.val AS val_filtered
    WHERE false
) AS ljl ON true;